A Look Back at the Past and the Present
The Legacy of the 45-70
The thrill of the hunt often involves a primal connection to the outdoors and a respect for the quarry. And when it comes to taking down big game, hunters often turn to the power and authority of big-bore rifles. These firearms, known for their substantial bullet diameters and impressive stopping power, are designed to deliver decisive performance at close to moderate ranges. But choosing the right big-bore cartridge can be a challenge. The options are numerous, and each has its own set of strengths and weaknesses. Today, we’re diving into a head-to-head comparison, focusing on two popular choices: the venerable 45-70 Government and the modern 450 Bushmaster. Which of these contenders will ultimately earn the title of the superior big-bore rifle?
The Genesis of the 450 Bushmaster
The history of the 45-70 Government is intertwined with the very fabric of American military and frontier lore. Developed in the late nineteenth century, this cartridge was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1873. It quickly proved its worth in the hands of soldiers and frontiersmen alike. The “45” refers to the bullet’s diameter in inches (.458 inch), and the “70” signifies the original black powder charge in grains. The Government designation simply meant it was a cartridge designed for the US government.
This robust cartridge became synonymous with the Wild West era. It became a favorite among buffalo hunters, cowboys, and pioneers facing both man and beast. The 45-70’s large bullet and substantial powder charge delivered impressive energy, providing devastating stopping power that earned it a legendary reputation. Its adoption in the legendary Springfield Model 1873, the iconic “Trapdoor” rifle, cemented its place in history. Even today, more than a century later, the 45-70 persists as a beloved cartridge, demonstrating its enduring value and appeal.
The 450 Bushmaster, on the other hand, represents a modern adaptation. Created in collaboration between Bushmaster Firearms International and Hornady, this cartridge was conceived with modern hunting rifles in mind. Its main goal was to offer a straight-walled cartridge option that could comply with the regulations of certain states that restrict the use of bottleneck cartridges for hunting. These regulations, which are often in place to limit the range and potential for accidental over-penetration, meant that the 450 Bushmaster filled a very particular niche. This cartridge offers a powerful punch in a straight-walled design, making it ideal for hunters operating under such restrictions.
The Inner Workings: Cartridge Specifications and Performance
45-70: A Breakdown
To truly understand the strengths of each cartridge, we must delve into their specifications and performance capabilities. Let’s begin with the venerable 45-70. The 45-70 generally fires bullets that are .458 inches in diameter, commonly ranging in weight from 300 to 500 grains, with some specialized options available. Its case is rimmed, a feature that works exceptionally well in the lever-action and single-shot rifles that commonly chamber it. The 45-70 offers considerable flexibility in load choices. Depending on the load, muzzle velocities can vary widely, usually falling somewhere in the range of 1,300 to 1,800 feet per second. This broad range allows the shooter to tailor the load to their needs, whether it’s maximum stopping power for dangerous game or flatter trajectories for longer shots. The energy delivered at the muzzle is significant, often ranging from approximately 1,700 to well over 2,500 foot-pounds. The typical effective range for the 45-70 is generally considered to be out to about 200 yards, though some hunters will push it further with specialized loads and careful shot placement.
450 Bushmaster: A Modern Perspective
Now let’s consider the 450 Bushmaster. This cartridge also features a .452-inch bullet diameter (the slightly smaller bullet size than the 45-70 is a common point of confusion), and the bullet weight options range from approximately 225 grains to about 300 grains. A straight-walled design, the 450 Bushmaster’s case is designed specifically for modern rifles. Because of its smaller case, and the design of the cartridge itself, its muzzle velocity generally falls within the higher range of 45-70 loads, around 2,000 to 2,400 feet per second, making it a bit faster. This higher velocity contributes to a flatter trajectory than the 45-70. The muzzle energy of the 450 Bushmaster typically falls within the range of 1,800 to 2,300 foot-pounds. This gives it significant knock-down power, even if it is slightly less potent than some of the higher powered 45-70 loads. Because of its higher velocity and flatter trajectory, its effective range can be slightly further than the 45-70, depending on conditions and load, typically out to about 250 yards.
Key Differences Summarized
To summarize, the 45-70 boasts a larger bullet diameter and heavier bullet weight options, offering a wider range of load versatility and stopping power, while the 450 Bushmaster provides a flatter trajectory and higher velocity, typically associated with a more modern design.
Weighing the Choices: Advantages and Disadvantages
The 45-70’s Strengths and Weaknesses
Each cartridge presents its own set of advantages and disadvantages that should be carefully considered when choosing a big-bore rifle. The 45-70, with its long history, enjoys a number of benefits. It offers a wide array of bullet weight options, letting shooters tailor their loads to different game and hunting scenarios. This cartridge has a well-established reputation for delivering devastating stopping power, making it an excellent choice for close-range hunting of large and potentially dangerous game. Its recoil, depending on the load and the rifle, can be surprisingly manageable. With slower loads, and in the heavier rifles it is often chambered in, the felt recoil is not necessarily as punishing as some might expect.
However, the 45-70 also has some limitations. Its trajectory is relatively curved, meaning it has more bullet drop at longer ranges, requiring more precise calculations for shot placement. Some loads can generate substantial recoil, making them potentially less comfortable for some shooters. While there’s a good number of rifle platforms to choose from, there are fewer truly modern rifle options to pick from. Bolt-action rifles are available, but less common than lever-action or single-shot designs.
The 450 Bushmaster’s Offerings and Shortcomings
The 450 Bushmaster, on the other hand, offers several distinct advantages. Its trajectory, owing to the higher velocity, is generally flatter than the 45-70, allowing for easier aiming and making shots at longer distances more manageable. The straight-walled cartridge design makes it suitable for hunting in areas where bottleneck cartridges are prohibited. The cartridge is primarily found in modern rifle platforms, which often make it a more natural fit for hunters looking for a more modern rifle design.
However, the 450 Bushmaster has its downsides. It typically has fewer bullet weight options than the 45-70, limiting the level of load customization. The ammunition cost can be a factor, as it can be more expensive per round. While the effective range is often further than the 45-70, it’s still considered a short to moderate range cartridge compared to other rifle rounds, suitable for hunting at a distance of up to 250 yards in most cases.
Platforms and Availability: Where to Find These Big Bores
45-70: Rifles and Ammunition
The rifles available for each cartridge represent another crucial consideration. The 45-70 is best known for being chambered in lever-action rifles, a combination that evokes the spirit of the American West. Companies such as Marlin and Henry offer a broad selection of lever-action rifles chambered in the 45-70. Single-shot rifles from manufacturers like Ruger and CVA also provide a reliable and accurate platform. Bolt-action rifles are also available in 45-70, but they are far less common. The cost of rifles chambered for the 45-70 varies based on the manufacturer and features, with costs starting in the lower hundreds and going well into the thousands for some premium models. Ammunition is readily available from a wide range of manufacturers, and prices vary.
450 Bushmaster: A Modern Perspective
The 450 Bushmaster, on the other hand, is often found on the AR-15 platform, making it a popular choice for hunters looking for a modern, customizable rifle. This platform offers the flexibility to accessorize the rifle with optics, lights, and other gear. Bolt-action rifles are also produced by companies such as Savage and Ruger. The availability of both rifles and ammunition is generally good, with both platforms providing a broad range of choices for hunters. The costs for rifles vary, but the AR platform often provides a more cost-effective entry point, with rifles starting in the mid-hundreds. Ammunition is also readily available from a wide range of manufacturers.
Hunting in the Field: Applications and Scenarios
Matching Cartridge to Game and Environment
Both cartridges are well-suited for hunting a variety of North American game. The 45-70 is a proven performer on deer, black bear, elk, and even larger game such as moose. It’s a superb choice for close-range hunting in dense brush or wooded areas, where its large bullet and high stopping power become invaluable. The 450 Bushmaster is equally effective for hunting deer, hogs, and black bear at shorter to medium ranges. Its flatter trajectory and modern platform make it a good option for open-field hunting, though it can still perform admirably in wooded environments. In either instance, it’s important to consult with your local hunting regulations.
Managing the Kick: Recoil and Shooting Experience
Recoil Considerations
The recoil of both cartridges can be a significant factor, particularly for new shooters. Recoil is determined by a few factors, including bullet weight, powder charge, and the weight of the rifle. The 45-70, with its heavier bullets and higher powder charges, can deliver a substantial kick, though the recoil is often more manageable in lever-action rifles. The 450 Bushmaster generally has a more moderate recoil profile, making it more comfortable for many shooters. Regardless of which cartridge you choose, try it before committing to it.
The Verdict: Choosing the Right Big-Bore
Weighing the Advantages
The 45-70 Government and the 450 Bushmaster both provide a satisfying hunting experience, each offering a unique set of advantages. The 45-70 offers legendary stopping power, a wide selection of bullet weights, and a rich historical connection. The 450 Bushmaster delivers flatter trajectories and a modern platform, making it well-suited to hunters seeking a more modern experience.
Making Your Decision
In the end, the best choice comes down to the individual hunter’s needs and preferences. For hunters who appreciate tradition, close-range hunting in dense cover, and the immense stopping power of the 45-70, it remains a worthy choice. For hunters seeking a modern, accurate, and compliant cartridge for hunting in areas with straight-walled cartridge restrictions, the 450 Bushmaster provides an excellent option.
Final Thoughts
The Bottom Line
When deciding between these two cartridges, hunters should carefully weigh their needs. Consider the types of game they intend to pursue, the terrain they will be hunting in, and any local regulations that might limit the cartridge selection. Both cartridges represent powerful and capable choices for the serious hunter.
Recommendations
Before making your decision, consider talking to fellow hunters, reading more reviews, and if possible, try firing both cartridges to see which one you prefer.
Resources & References
(Add sources here. Include reputable websites like bullet manufacturers like Hornady or Barnes, or reliable hunting and shooting publications.)
